Special
Education
Policies
and Procedures
AUGUST 2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Definitions.................................................................................................................................. 2
Full Educational
Free Appropriate Public Education................................................................................... 17
General
Hearing Aids and External Components of Surgically Implanted
Devices
Physical Education
Assistive Technology
Extended School Year
Participation in Assessments
Methods of Ensuring a Free Appropriate Public Education
Public Information.................................................................................................................. 20
Child Find................................................................................................................................. 21
General
Referral
IEP Team................................................................................................................................... 22
Participants
IEP Team Attendance
Parent Participation in IEP Team Meetings
IEP Team Duties
Timeline
Evaluation................................................................................................................................ 26
General
Initial Evaluations
IEP Team Determination of Eligibility or
Continuing Eligibility (Initial and Reevaluation)
Reevaluation
Evaluation Report
Evaluation Safeguards
Additional Requirements for Specific Learning Disabilities
Determination of Eligibility .................................................................................................. 33
Areas of Impairment............................................................................................................... 34
Autism
Cognitive Disability
Emotional Behavioral Disability
Hearing Impairment
Specific Learning Disability
Orthopedic Impairment
Other Health Impairment
Significant Developmental Delay
Speech and Language Impairment
Traumatic Brain Injury
Visual Impairment
Developing, Reviewing and Revising an IEP.................................................................. 44
IEP in Effect
IEP Development.................................................................................................................... 45
IEP Review and Revision..................................................................................................... 46
Amendments to the IEP........................................................................................................ 46
IEP Content.............................................................................................................................. 47
Placement................................................................................................................................. 48
Least Restrictive Environment
Notice of Placement
Consent for Placement
Related Services:
Physical and Occupational Therapy.............................................. 50
Physical Therapists’ Licensure and Service Requirements
School Physical Therapist Assistants’ Qualifications and
Supervision of Physical Therapy
Occupational Therapists’ Licensure and Service Requirements
Delegation and Supervision of Occupational Therapy
Responsibility of a School Occupational Therapist
School Occupational Therapy Assistants’ Qualifications and
Supervision
Transition from Birth to 3 Programs.................................................................................. 53
Transfer Pupils........................................................................................................................ 54
In-State Transfer Students
Out-of-State Transfer Students
Transmittal of Records
Charter Schools...................................................................................................................... 55
Due Process Procedures..................................................................................................... 55
Notice
Procedural Safeguards Notice
Independent Educational Evaluations
Surrogate Parents
Mediation
Due Process Hearings
Transfer of Rights at Age of Majority
Discipline Procedures........................................................................................................... 62
Authority of School Personnel
Placement in Interim Alternative Educational Settings
Manifestation Determination Reviews
Placement During Appeals
Protections for Children Not Yet Eligible For Special Education
and
Related Services
Confidentiality of Information.............................................................................................. 67
Notice to Parents
Access Rights
Amendment of Records at Parent's Request
Consent
Safeguards
Destruction of Information
Transfer of Confidentiality Rights at Age of Majority
Children With Disabilities Enrolled in Private Schools by
Their Parents................ 71
Child Find
Provision of Services
Expenditures
Consultation
Equitable Services Determined
Equitable Services Provided
Location of Services and Transportation
Requirement that Funds not Benefit a Private School
Use of Personnel
Separate Classes Prohibited
Property, Equipment, and Supplies
Parentally Placed Children in Private Schools when FAPE is
at Issue
Children with Disabilities in Private Schools Placed or
Referred
by the Local
Educational Agency.................................................................................... 76
Development, Review, and Revision of the IEP
Children in Residential Care Centers............................................................................. . 77
Placement Disputes; School Board Referrals; Interagency
Cooperation.............. 79
Local Educational Agency Reporting to State............................................................... 79
Appendix of Federal law and regulations referenced in the
Model Policies
and Procedures.................................................................................................................... 82
Model Local
Educational Agency Special Education
Policies and Procedures
Preface
As
a condition of funding under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA), local educational agencies are required to establish written policies
and procedures for implementing federal special education laws. In addition,
The
state special education statutes, subchapter V, chapter 115, Wis. Stats.,
incorporate the statutory provisions of Part B of the IDEA. Local educational agencies in
1.
the table of contents
to the IDEA Regulations found at 34 CFR Part 300, Vol. 71 Federal Register, No.
156 (August 14, 2006);
2.
the table of
contents of the state special education statute, Subchapter V, Chapter 115,
Wis. Stats.; and
3.
the table of
contents for the state special education rules, Chapter PI 11, Wis. Admin.
Code.
For the purpose of these policies, the following definitions
apply:
·
"Assistive
technology device" means any item, piece of equipment or product system
that is used to increase, maintain or improve the functional capabilities of a
child with a disability. The term does
not include a medical device that is surgically implanted, or the replacement
of that device.
34 CFR § 300.5.
·
"Assistive
technology service" means any service that directly assists a child with a
disability in the selection, acquisition or use of an assistive technology
device, including all of the following:
Ø
evaluating the
needs of the child, including a functional evaluation of the child in the
child’s customary environment;
Ø
purchasing,
leasing or otherwise providing for the acquisition of assistive technology
devices by children with disabilities;
Ø
selecting,
designing, fitting, customizing, adapting, applying, maintaining, repairing or replacing
assistive technology devices;
Ø
coordinating
and using other therapies, interventions or services with assistive technology
devices, such as those associated with existing education and rehabilitative
plans and programs;
Ø
training or
technical assistance for a child with a disability or, if appropriate, the
child’s family; and
Ø
training or
technical assistance for professionals, including individuals providing
education and rehabilitation services, employers or other individuals who
provide services to, employ or are otherwise substantially involved in the
major life functions of that child.
34 CFR § 300.6
34 CFR § 300.11
·
"Child
with a disability" means a child who, by reason of any of the following,
needs special education and related services:
Ø
cognitive
disabilities;
Ø
hearing
impairments;
Ø
speech or
language impairments;
Ø
visual
impairments;
Ø
emotional
behavioral disability;
Ø
orthopedic impairments;
Ø
autism;
Ø
traumatic
brain injury;
Ø
other health
impairments; and/or
Ø
learning
disabilities.
If
the local educational agency determines through an appropriate evaluation that
a child has one of the impairments listed above but only needs a related
service and not special education, the child is not a child with a disability.
"Child with a disability" may, at the discretion of the local
educational agency and consistent with Department of Public Instruction rules,
include a child who, by reason of his or her significant developmental delay,
needs special education and related services.
34
CFR § 300.8;
Ø
the parent has
been fully informed of all information relevant to the activity for which
consent is sought, in his or her native language, or other mode of
communication;
Ø
the parent
understands and agrees in writing to the carrying out of the activity for which
his or her consent is sought, and the consent describes that activity and lists
the records (if any) that will be released and to whom; and
Ø
the parent
also understands the granting of consent is voluntary on the part of the parent
and may be revoked at any time. If a parent revokes consent, that revocation is
not retroactive (i.e. it does not negate an action that has occurred after the
consent was given and before the consent was revoked).
34 CFR § 300.9
34 CFR § 300.530(i)(1)
34 CFR § 300.10
34 CFR § 300.11
34 CFR § 300.611(a)
34 CFR §
300.611(b)
34 CFR § 300.13;
34 CFR § 300.14
34 CFR § 300.15
30 CFR § 300.106(b)
·
"Free
appropriate public education" means special education and related services
that are provided at public expense and under public supervision and direction,
and without charge, meet the standards of the Department of Public Instruction,
include an appropriate preschool, elementary or secondary school education; and
are provided in conformity with an IEP.
30 CFR § 300.17;
·
"General
curriculum" means the same curriculum as for nondisabled children.
34 CFR § 300.320(a)(1)(i)
·
"Hearing
officer" means an independent examiner appointed to conduct due process
hearings under Wis. Stat. § 115.80.
·
"Highly
Qualified Teacher" means that a person has met the Department of Public
Instruction’s approved or recognized certification, licensing, registration in which
he/she is providing special education or related services, consistent with
provision 34 CFR § 300.18.
34 CFR § 300.19
34 CFR § 300.530(i)(2)
34 CFR § 300.20
34 CFR § 300.502
34 CFR § 300.22;
34 CFR § 300.23;
Ø
the school
district in which the child with a disability resides,
Ø
when the child
attends a nonresident school district under Wis. Stat. § 118.51 (open enrollment)
or § 121.84(1)(a) or (4) (tuition waiver), the district of attendance;
Ø
the Department
of Health and Family Services if the child with a disability resides in an
institution or facility operated by the Department of Health and Family
Services; or
Ø
the Department
of Corrections if the child with a disability resides in a Type 1 secured
correctional facility, as defined in Wis. Stat. § 938.02(19), or a Type 1
prison, as defined in Wis. Stat. § 301.01(5).
34 CFR § 300.29;
34 CFR § 300.107
Ø
a biological
parent;
Ø
a husband who
has consented to the artificial insemination of his wife under Wis. Stat. §
891.40;
Ø
a male who is presumed
to be the child’s father under Wis. Stat. § 891.41;
Ø
a male who has
been adjudicated the child’s father under subch. VIII of ch. 48, under subch.
IIX of ch. 767, by final order or judgment of an Indian tribal court of
competent jurisdiction or by final order or judgment of a court of competent
jurisdiction in another state;
Ø
an adoptive
parent;
Ø
a legal
guardian;
Ø
a person
acting as a parent of a child with whom the child lives;
Ø
a person
appointed as a sustaining parent under Wis. Stat. § 48.428;
Ø
a person
assigned as a surrogate parent under Wis. Stat. § 115.792(1)(a)2; and
Ø
a foster
parent, if the right and responsibility of all of the aforementioned
individuals to make educational decisions concerning the child has been
extinguished by termination of parental rights, by transfer of guardianship or
legal custody or by other court order; the foster parent has an ongoing,
long-term parental relationship with the child; the foster parent is willing to
make educational decisions required of parents under special education law; and
the foster parent has no interests that would conflict with the interests of
the child.
The biological or adoptive parent, when attempting to act as
a parent of the child, must be presumed to be the parent unless that person does
not have legal authority to make educational decisions for the child.
34 CFR § 300.30(b)
"Parent"
does not include any person whose parental rights have been terminated; the
state, county, or a child welfare agency if a child was made a ward of the state,
county, or child welfare agency under ch. 54 or 880 or if a child has been
placed in the legal custody or guardianship of the state, county, or a child
welfare agency under ch. 48 or ch. 767; or an American Indian tribal agency if
the child was made a ward of the agency or placed in the legal custody or
guardianship of the agency.
34
CFR § 300.30;
"Person
acting as a parent of a child" means a relative of the child or a private
individual allowed to act as a parent of a child by the child's biological or
adoptive parents or guardian, and includes the child's grandparent, neighbor,
friend or private individual caring for the child with the explicit or tacit
approval of the child's biological or adoptive parents or guardian. "Person acting as a parent of a
child" does not include any person that receives public funds to care for
the child if such funds exceed the cost of such care.
34
CFR § 300.30(a)(4);
34 CFR § 300.611(c)
·
"Personally
identifiable" means information that includes the name of the child, the
child’s parent or other family member; the address of the child; a personal
identifier such as the child’s social security number or student number; or a list
of personal characteristics or other information that would make it possible to
identify the child with reasonable certainty.
34 CFR § 300.32
34 CFR § 300.130
34 CFR § 300.33
Ø
notes or
records maintained for personal use by a teacher or other person to be licensed
if such records or notes are not available to others;
Ø
records
necessary for, and available only to persons involved in, the psychological
treatment of a pupil; and
Ø
law enforcement
unit records.
·
“Record” means
any material on which written, drawn, printed, spoken, visual, or
electromagnetic information is recorded or preserved, regardless of physical
form or characteristics.
34 CFR § 300.34;
In this definition:
Ø
"Audiology"
includes:
-
identification
of children with hearing loss;
-
determination
of the range, nature, and degree of hearing loss including referral for medical
or other professional attention for the habilitation of hearing;
-
provision of
habilitative activities such as language habilitation, auditory training,
speech reading (lip-reading), hearing evaluation and speech conservation;
-
creation and administration
of programs for prevention of hearing loss;
-
counseling and
guidance of pupils, parents and teachers regarding hearing loss; and
-
determination
of the child's need for group and individual amplification, selecting and
fitting an appropriate aid and evaluating the effectiveness of amplification.
Ø
"Counseling
services" means services provided by qualified social workers,
psychologists, guidance counselors or other qualified personnel.
Ø
"Early
identification and assessment of disabilities in children" means the
implementation of a formal plan for identifying a disability as early as
possible in a child's life.
Ø
“Interpreting
services,” as used with respect to children who are deaf or hard of hearing,
includes oral transliteration services, cued language transliteration services,
sign language transliteration and interpreting services, and transcription
services, and special interpreting services for children who are
deaf-blind.
Ø
"Medical
services" means services provided by a licensed physician to determine a
child's medically-related disability that results in the child's need for
special education and related services.
Ø
"Occupational therapy" means
services provided by a qualified occupational therapist, and includes:
-
improving, developing
or restoring functions impaired or lost through illness, injury, or
deprivation;
-
improving
ability to perform tasks for independent functioning if functions are impaired
or lost; and
-
preventing,
through early intervention, initial or further impairment or loss of function.
Ø
"Orientation and mobility
services" means services provided to blind or visually impaired students
by qualified personnel to enable those students to attain systematic
orientation to and safe movement within their environments in school, home, and
community, and includes
teaching students the following as appropriate:
-
spatial and
environmental concepts and use of information received by the senses (such as
sound, temperature and vibrations) to establish, maintain, or regain orientation
and line of travel (for example, using sound at a traffic light to cross the
street);
-
to use the
long cane or a service animal to supplement visual travel skills or as a tool
for safely negotiating the environment for students with no available travel
vision;
-
to understand
and use remaining vision and distance low vision aids, as appropriate; and
-
other
concepts, techniques, and tools.
Ø
"Parent counseling and training"
means assisting parents in understanding the special needs of their child and providing
parents with information about child development, and helping parents to
acquire the necessary skills that will allow them to support the implementation
of their child's IEP.
Ø
"Physical
therapy" means services provided by a qualified physical therapist.
Ø
"Psychological
services" includes:
-
administering
psychological and educational tests, and other assessment procedures;
-
interpreting
assessment results;
-
obtaining,
integrating, and interpreting information about child behavior and conditions
relating to learning;
-
consulting
with other staff members in planning school programs to meet the special
educational needs of children as indicated by psychological tests, interviews,
direct observations, and behavioral evaluations;
-
planning and
managing a program of psychological services, including psychological
counseling for children and parents; and
-
assisting in
developing positive behavioral intervention strategies.
Ø
"Recreation"
includes:
-
assessment of
leisure function;
-
therapeutic
recreation services;
-
recreation
programs in schools and community agencies; and
-
leisure
education.
Ø
"Rehabilitation
counseling services" means services provided by qualified personnel in
individual or group sessions that focus specifically on career development,
employment preparation, achieving independence, and integration in the
workplace and community of a student with a disability. The term also includes
vocational rehabilitation services provided to a student with disabilities by
vocational rehabilitation programs funded under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973,
as amended.
Ø
"School
health services" means health services provided by a qualified school
nurse or other qualified person that are designed to enable a child with a
disability to receive FAPE as described in the child’s IEP.
Ø
“School nurse
services” mean health services provided by a qualified school nurse, designed to enable a child
with a disability to receive FAPE as described in the child’s IEP.
Ø
"Social
work services in schools" includes:
-
preparing a social
or developmental history on a child with a disability;
-
group and
individual counseling with the child and family;
-
working in
partnership with parents and others on those problems in a child's living
situation (home, school, and community) that affect the child's adjustment in
school;
-
mobilizing
school and community resources to enable the child to learn as effectively as
possible in his or her educational program; and
-
assisting in
developing positive behavioral intervention strategies.
Ø
"Speech-language
pathology services" include:
-
identification
of children with speech or language impairments;
-
diagnosis and
appraisal of specific speech or language impairments;
-
referral for
medical or other professional attention necessary for the habilitation of speech
or language impairments;
-
provision of
speech and language services for the habilitation or prevention of
communicative impairments; and
-
counseling and
guidance of parents, children, and teachers regarding speech and language
impairments.
Ø
"Transportation"
includes:
-
travel to and
from school and between schools;
-
travel in and
around school buildings; and
-
specialized
equipment (such as special or adapted buses, lifts, and ramps), if required to provide
special transportation for a child with a disability.
34 CFR § 300.34
·
“Residential care center for children and
youth” means a facility operated by a child welfare agency licensed under Wis.
Stat. § 48.60 for the care and maintenance of children residing in that
facility.
·
“Responsible
Local Educational Agency:” as used in the section on children in residential
care centers means the local educational agency that was responsible for
providing a free, appropriate public education to the child before the
placement of the child in a residential care center for children and youth.
Except
“responsible local educational agency” means the school district in which the residential care center for children
and youth is located if before the placement
of the child in a residential care center for children and youth, the children resided in an: institute or
facility operated by the department of health and
family services; a Type 1 juvenile correctional facility; or a Type 1 prison.
·
"School day" means any day,
including a partial day, that children are in attendance at school for
instructional purposes. The term "school day" has the same meaning
for all children in school, including children with and without disabilities.
34 CFR § 300.11
·
“Scientifically-based research” has the
meaning given the term in section 9101(37) of the ESEA. See Appendix.
34 CFR § 300.35
·
"Secondary school" means a nonprofit
institutional day or residential school including a public secondary charter
school that provides secondary education for grades 9-12.
34 CFR § 300.36
·
“Serious
bodily injury” has the meaning given the term “serious bodily injury’ under
paragraph (3) of subsection (h) of section 1365 of title 18, United States
Code.
34 CFR §
300.530(i)(3). See Appendix.
·
“Services
plan” means a written statement that describes the special education and
related services the school district will provide to a parentally-placed child
with a disability enrolled in a private school located in the district,
including the location of the services and any transportation necessary,
consistent with 34 CFR §§ 300.132, 300.137-139.
34 CFR § 300.37
·
"Special
education" means specially-designed instruction, regardless of where the
instruction is conducted, that is provided at no cost to the child or the
child’s parents, to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability,
including:
Ø
instruction conducted
in the classroom, in the home, in hospitals and institutions, and in other
settings;
Ø
instruction in
physical education;
Ø
speech-language
pathology services, or any other related service, if the service consists of
specially-designed instruction and is considered special education rather than
a related service under
Ø
travel
training; and
Ø
vocational
education.
The terms in the definition of special education are defined as
follows:
Ø
"At no
cost" means that all specially-designed instruction is provided without
charge, but does not preclude incidental fees that are normally charged to
nondisabled students or their parents as a part of the regular education
program.
Ø
"Physical
education" means the development of:
-
physical and
motor fitness;
-
fundamental
motor skills and patterns; and
-
skills in
aquatics, dance, and individual and group games and sports (including
intramural and lifetime sports).
The term includes special physical education, adaptive physical education,
movement education, and motor development.
Ø
"Specially-designed instruction"
means adapting content, methodology or delivery of instruction:
-
to address the
unique needs of an eligible child that result from the child's disability; and
-
to ensure
access of the child to the general curriculum, so that he or she can meet the
educational standards within the jurisdiction of the local educational
agency that apply to all children.
Ø
"Travel training" means providing instruction, as
appropriate, to children with significant cognitive disabilities and any other
children with disabilities who require this instruction to enable them to
develop an awareness of the environment in which they live and learn the
skills necessary to move effectively and safely from place to place within that
environment (e.g., in school, in the home, at work, and in the community).
Ø
"Vocational education" means organized educational
programs that are directly related to the preparation of individuals for paid
or unpaid employment or for additional preparation for a career requiring other
than a baccalaureate or advanced degree.
34
CFR § 300.39;
·
"Supplementary
aids and services" mean aids, services, and other supports that are provided
in regular education classes, other education-related settings, and in
extracurricular and nonacademic settings to enable a child with a disability to
be educated with nondisabled children to the maximum extent appropriate.
34 CFR § 300.42, 115.76(16)
·
A "transfer pupil with a
disability" means a child with a disability under the Individuals with
Disabilities Education Act whose residence has changed from a local educational
agency in this state to another local educational agency in this state or from
a public agency in another state to a local educational agency in this state.
·
"Transition
services" means a coordinated set of activities for a child with a
disability that:
Ø
is designed to
be within a results-oriented process that is focused on improving the academic
and functional achievement of the child with a disability to facilitate the
child’s movement from school to post-school activities, including:
-
postsecondary
education,
-
vocational
education,
-
integrated employment
(including supported employment)
-
continuing and
adult education
-
adult services
-
independent
living, or
-
community
participation
Ø
is based on
the individual child’s needs, taking into account the child’s strengths,
preferences, and interests; and includes:
-
instruction;
-
related
services;
-
community
experiences;
-
the
development of employment and other post-school adult living objectives; and
-
if
appropriate, acquisition of daily living skills and provision of a functional
vocational evaluation.
34 CFR § 300.43
·
“Universal
Design” has the meaning given the term in section 3 of the Assistive Technology
Act of 1998, as amended, 29 U.S.C. 3002.
34 CFR § 300.44 See Appendix.
·
"Weapon"
has the meaning given the term “dangerous weapon” under paragraph (2) of the
first subsection (g) of section 930 of title 18, United States Code.
34 CFR § 300.530(i)(4) See Appendix.
It is the goal of the
local educational agency to provide full educational opportunity to all
children with disabilities in the area served by the local educational
agency. The local educational agency has
available to all of its children with disabilities the variety of educational
programs and services available to nondisabled children in the local
educational agency, including: art, music, industrial arts, consumer and
homemaking education, and vocational education or any program or activity in
which nondisabled children participate. The
local educational agency provides supplementary aids and services determined
appropriate and necessary by the child’s IEP Team, to ensure that children with
disabilities have an equal opportunity to participate in nonacademic and
extracurricular services and activities.
34 CFR §§ 300.107,
300.109; 300.110; 300.201
Free Appropriate Public Education
General. All children with disabilities for whom the local educational agency is
responsible are provided a free appropriate public education. Special education and related services are
provided to these children with disabilities, including, as required by 34 CFR
§ 300.530(d), children with disabilities who have been suspended or expelled
from school. Children with disabilities
entitled to a free appropriate public education are children age three, but not
yet 21 who have not graduated from high school with a regular high school
diploma and, for the duration of a school term, persons who become 21 years old
during that school term and who have not graduated from high school with a
regular diploma. A regular high school diploma does not include an alternative degree
that is not fully aligned with the State’s academic standards, such as a
certificate or a general educational development credential (GED). The special
education and related services provided to children addresses all of their
special education and related services needs and are provided by personnel
qualified as required by 34 CFR § 300.156.
34
CFR § 300.101(a); 34 CFR §
300.102(a)(3)(iv); 34 CFR § 300.156;
The
local educational agency provides prior written notice of a change in placement
consistent with the requirements in the law when a child with a disability
graduates from high school with a regular diploma. Additionally for those students who graduate
from high school with a regular diploma as well as students who exceed the age
of eligibility, the local educational agency provides a summary of their
academic achievement and functional performance, including recommendations on
how to assist the child in meeting the child’s postsecondary goals.
34
CFR § 300.102(a)(3)(iii);
300.305(e)(3)
The
local educational agency ensures that an IEP is in effect for each eligible
child no later than the child's third birthday.
If the child's third birthday occurs during the summer, the child's IEP
team determines when the IEP services will begin.
34
CFR § 300.101(b)
If a placement in a public or private residential program is
necessary to provide special education and related services to a child with a
disability, the program, including non-medical care and room and board, is
provided at no cost to the parents of the child.
34 CFR § 300.104
The
local educational agency admits a nonresident child if the program is
appropriate for the child's disability.
When a resident child is refused admittance to another local educational
agency, the resident local educational agency ensures that a free appropriate
public education is provided to the child.
When board and lodging are not furnished to a nonresident child with a
disability, the resident local educational agency provides transportation,
except as provided in Wis. Stat. § 115.82(2)(a) and (b).
After a child with a disability has
been removed from his or her current placement for ten school
days in the same school year, for any subsequent removal, the local educational
agency provides services, although in another setting, so as to enable the
child to continue to participate in the general education curriculum and to
progress toward meeting the goals set out in the child’s IEP. In such a case, school personnel, in
consultation with at least one of the child’s teachers, determine the extent of
the services. When there is a change of placement, the IEP team determines the
appropriate services.
34 CFR §
300.530(d)
Hearing Aids
and external components of surgically implanted medical devices. The local
educational agency ensures that hearing aids worn in school by children with
hearing impairments, including deafness, are functioning properly. The local
educational agency ensures that the external components of surgically implanted
medical devices are functioning properly, but is not responsible for the post-surgical
maintenance, programming, or replacement of the medical devices that has been
surgically implanted, or of an external component of the surgically implanted
medical device.
34 CFR §
300.113
Physical Education. Physical
education services, specially designed if necessary, are made available to
every child with a disability unless the LEA does not provide physical
education to children without disabilities in the same grades. Each child with a disability is afforded the
opportunity to participate in regular physical education programs available to
nondisabled children unless the child is enrolled full time in a separate
facility, or the child needs specially-designed physical education as
prescribed in the child’s IEP.
If specially-designed physical education is prescribed in a
child’s IEP, the local educational agency provides the services directly or
makes arrangements for those services to be provided through other public or
private programs. The local educational
agency ensures that a child with a disability who is enrolled in a separate
facility receives appropriate physical education services in compliance with
the law.
34 CFR § 300.108
Assistive Technology. The
local educational agency makes available assistive technology devices or
assistive technology services, or both, to a child with a disability if
required as part of the child’s special education, related services, or
supplementary aids and services. If a
child's IEP team determines that access to school-purchased assistive
technology devices or services in the child's home or in other settings is
necessary for the child to receive a free appropriate public education, the
devices or services are provided.
34 CFR § 300.105
Participation in Assessments. Children
with disabilities attending this local educational agency are included in all
state-wide and district-wide assessment programs with appropriate
accommodations. Those children who cannot participate in state-wide or
district-wide assessments participate in alternate assessments. Needed accommodations or alternate
assessments are identified by the IEP team and are specified in the child’s IEP.
20 U.S.C 1412(a)(16);
Methods of Ensuring a Free Appropriate Public
Education. If a public agency, other than an educational agency, fails
to meet its obligation under federal or state law or under state policy or interagency
agreement to provide or pay for any services that are also considered special
education and related services that are necessary for ensuring a free
appropriate public education to a child, the local educational agency provides
or pays for these services to the child in a timely manner.
34 CFR § 300.154(b)(2)
When
the local educational agency uses Medicaid or other public insurance benefits
programs in which a child participates to provide or pay for special education
and related services necessary for the child to receive a free appropriate
public education as permitted under the public insurance program, the local
educational agency obtains parent consent each time access to public benefits
or insurance is sought.
Furthermore,
the local educational agency does not:
·
require parents to sign up for or enroll in public insurance
programs in order for their child to receive a free appropriate public
education under Part B of the Act;
·
require
parents to incur an out-of-pocket expense such as the payment of a deductible
or co-pay amount incurred in filing a claim for special education and related
services; or
·
use a child's
benefits under a public insurance program if that use would:
Ø
decrease
available lifetime coverage or any other insured benefit,
Ø result in the family paying for services that would otherwise be
covered by the public benefits or insurance program and that are required for
the child outside of the time the child is in school,
Ø
increase
premiums or lead to the discontinuation of benefits or insurance or
Ø
risk loss of
eligibility for home and community-based waivers based on aggregate
health-related expenditures.
Each time the local educational agency proposes to
access the proceeds of a parents' private insurance to provide services
necessary for the child to receive a free appropriate public education, the
local educational agency:
·
obtains
informed parent consent; and
·
informs the
parents that their refusal to permit the local educational agency to access their
private insurance does not relieve the public agency of its responsibility to
ensure that all required services are provided at no cost to the parents.
34 CFR §
300.154
The
local educational agency timely provides instructional materials in accessible
formats to children who are blind, children with print disabilities, or other
children with disabilities as required in the child’s IEP.
34
CFR § 300.210
Except for the circumstances provided for in Wis. Stat. §
118.51(12)(a)&(b)2 of the Full-Time Open Enrollment law, if a non-resident
child with a disability is attending the local educational agency under the
Full-Time Open Enrollment law, the local educational agency provides an
educational placement for the child. If tuition charges are required by the
placement, the local educational agency pays tuition charges instead of the
resident school district.
The local educational agency regularly publicizes
information about its special education procedures and services. Further, the
local educational agency makes available to any person, upon request, all
documents relating to the local educational agency’s eligibility for state and
federal special education funds.
34 CFR § 300.212;
If the local educational agency receives a notice from the
Department of Public Instruction that it is in noncompliance with respect to
state or federal special education law and the Department of Public Instruction
is proposing to reduce or withhold any further payments to the local
educational agency until the Department of Public Instruction is satisfied that
the local educational agency is complying with that requirement, the local
educational agency gives public notice of the pending state actions.
34 CFR § 300.222(b)
General. The
local educational agency identifies, locates, and evaluates all children with
disabilities, regardless of the severity of their disability, who are in need of
special education and related services, including children attending private
schools, children who are made a ward of the state, county, or child welfare
agency under chapter 54 or 880, children who are not yet three years of age,
highly mobile children such as migrant and homeless children, and children who
are suspected of being a child with a disability even though they are advancing
from grade to grade.
34
CFR § 300.111;
Referral. The local educational agency accepts and processes referrals
of children suspected to have a disability.
The local educational agency has written procedures for accepting and
processing referrals. Licensed school
personnel who reasonably believe a child has a disability are required to make a
referral.
Prior to submitting a referral, the people required to make
referrals inform the parents of their intent to make a referral. If this local educational agency receives a
referral for a child who is attending this local educational agency under the
Full-Time Open Enrollment law or a tuition waiver under Wis. Stat. §
121.84(1)(a) or (4), the local educational agency provides the name of the
child and related information to the local educational agency of residence. Whenever this local educational agency
receives a referral for a resident child attending school in another local
educational agency under the Full-Time Open Enrollment law or a tuition waiver
under Wis. Stat. § 121.84(1)(a) or (4), this local educational agency provides
the name of the child and related information to the local educational agency
of attendance.
The local educational agency accepts written referrals. Each referral includes the name of the child
and reasons why the person making the referral believes that the child is a
child with a disability. The local
educational agency documents and dates the receipt of each referral.
At least annually, the local educational agency informs
parents and persons required by law to make referrals about the local
educational agency's referral and evaluation procedures.
The local educational agency provides information and
inservice opportunities for its licensed staff to familiarize them with the
local educational agency’s referral procedures.
The local educational agency establishes an IEP team for
each child referred to the local educational agency.
Participants. The IEP team for each child consists of all of the
following:
·
the parents of
the child;
·
at least one
regular education teacher of the child if the child is, or may be,
participating in a regular education environment;
·
at least one
special education teacher who has recent training or experience related to the
child's known or suspected area of special education needs or, where appropriate,
at least one special education provider of the child;
·
a
representative of the local educational agency:
Ø
who is
qualified to provide or supervise the provision of special education,
Ø
who is
knowledgeable about the general education curriculum, and
Ø
who is
knowledgeable about and authorized to commit the available resources of the
local educational agency (who may be another member of the
IEP team if the criteria are met);
·
an individual who
can interpret the instructional implications of evaluation results, who may
otherwise be a team member;
·
an appropriate
therapist if the child is suspected to need occupational therapy or physical
therapy or both.
·
a department-licensed
speech or language pathologist when documenting a speech or language impairment
and the need for speech or language services.
·
at the
discretion of the parent or local educational agency, other individuals who
have knowledge or special expertise about the child, including related services
personnel as appropriate. The determination of the
individual's knowledge or special expertise is made by the party (parents or
public local educational agency) who invited the individual to be a member of
the IEP team;
·
whenever
appropriate, the child;
·
at least one
person designated by the school board of the child’s school district of
residence who has knowledge or special expertise about the child when the student
is attending a public school in a nonresident school district under Full-Time
Open Enrollment Law, or a tuition waiver under Wis. Stat. § 121.84(1)(a) or
(4),
In
addition to the above members, the local educational agency invites the
following:
·
To the extent appropriate, a representative of any participating agency that is likely
to be responsible for providing or paying for transition services,
if the parents or the child who
has reached the age of majority provides consent; and
·
The student, when
the purpose of the meeting will be consideration of the
postsecondary goals for the child and the transition services needed to assist
the child in reaching those goals. If the student does not attend the IEP Team
meeting, the local educational agency takes other steps to ensure
consideration of the student’s preferences and interests.
·
If requested
by the parent, at the initial IEP Team meeting for a child previously served
under Part C, the Part C service coordinator or other representatives of the Part
C System will be invited.
34 CFR §
300.321;
IEP Team
Attendance
An
IEP Team member is not required to attend an IEP Team meeting, in whole, or in part,
if the parent of a child with a disability and the local educational agency
agree, in writing, the attendance is not necessary because the member’s area of
curriculum or related services is not being modified or discussed.
An
IEP Team member may be excused from attending an IEP Team meeting, in whole or
in part, when the meeting involves a modification to or discussion of the
member’s area of curriculum or related services, if the parent, in writing, and
the local educational agency consent to the excusal, and the member submits, in
writing to the parent and the IEP Team, input into the development of the IEP
prior the meeting.
34
CFR §
300.321(e);
Parent
Participation in IEP Team Meetings. The local educational agency takes steps to ensure that one
or both of the parents of a child with a disability are present at each IEP
Team meeting or are afforded the opportunity to participate, including:
·
notifying
parents of the meeting early enough to ensure that they will have an opportunity
to attend; and
·
scheduling the
meeting at a mutually agreed on time and place.
The
notice required in this policy:
·
indicates the
purpose, time, and location of the meeting and who will be in attendance;
informs the parents of the provisions in these policies relating to the
participation of other individuals on the IEP team who have knowledge or
special expertise about the child; and
·
informs the
parents that they can request the Part C coordinator or other representatives
of the Part C system be at the initial IEP Team meeting for a child previously
served under Part C of IDEA.
Beginning no later than in the first IEP that will be in
effect when the child is 14, the notice also:
·
indicates that
a purpose of the meeting is the consideration of the postsecondary goals and
transition services for the child;
·
indicates that
the local educational agency will invite the student; and
·
identifies any
other agency that will be invited to send a representative.
If neither parent can attend, the local educational agency uses other
methods to ensure parent participation, including individual or conference
calls.
The
local educational agency may conduct meetings without a parent in attendance if
the local educational agency is unable to convince the parents that they should
attend. In this case the local educational agency has a record of its attempts
to arrange a mutually agreed on time and place, such as:
·
detailed
records of telephone calls made or attempted and the results of those calls;
·
copies of
correspondence sent to the parents and any responses received; and
·
detailed
records of visits made to the parent's home or place of employment and the
results of those visits.
The
local educational agency takes whatever action is necessary to ensure that the
parent understands the proceedings at the IEP Team meeting, including arranging
for an interpreter for parents with deafness or whose native language is other
than English.
Subject to the timeline requirements contained in this
policy, if the parents of the child or the local
educational agency
staff determine at any meeting during the process of the evaluation,
development of the IEP or placement of the child that additional time is needed
to permit meaningful parental participation, the local
educational agency
provides it. Upon request, the local educational agency provides a copy of the most recent evaluation report to the
child’s parents at any meeting of the IEP team.
The
local educational agency gives the parent a copy of the child's IEP at no cost
to the parent.
34 CFR § 300.322;
IEP Team Duties. The
IEP team does all of the following:
·
evaluates the child
to determine the child’s eligibility or continued eligibility for special
education and related services, and the educational needs of the child;
·
develops an
IEP for the child; and
·
determines the
special education placement for the child.
34 CFR § 300.324(a);
Timeline. Within 15
business days of receiving a referral, the local educational agency sends to
the child’s parents a request for consent to evaluate the child except that if
the local educational agency determines that no additional data are necessary,
the local educational agency notifies the child’s parent of that determination
within 15 business days of receiving the referral. The local educational agency determines if a
child is a child with a disability within 60 days after receiving parental
consent for the evaluation or provides notice that no additional data are
needed. The 60-day period does not
apply:
·
if the child
transfers into this local educational agency before the previous local
educational agency has made an eligibility determination, sufficient progress
is being made to ensure a prompt completion of the evaluation, and the child’s
parents agree to a specific time when the evaluation will be completed;
·
if the child’s
parent repeatedly fails or refuses to produce the child for the
evaluation; or
·
if a child is
being evaluated for a specific learning disability and the timeline is extended
by mutual written agreement of the child’s parents and IEP team.
The local educational agency conducts a meeting to develop
an IEP and determine placement within 30 days of a determination that a child
is a child with a disability.
If the parents of the child or local educational agency
staff determine at any meeting during the process of evaluation, development
of the IEP, or determination of placement, that additional time is needed to
permit meaningful parent participation, the local educational agency provides
it.
34 CFR §§ 300.301,
300.323, 300.309(c);
General. As
part of an initial evaluation of a child and as part of any reevaluation of a
child, the IEP team and other qualified professionals, as determined by the
local educational agency:
·
reviews
existing evaluation data on the child, including evaluations and information
provided by the child's parents, previous interventions and the effects of
those interventions, current classroom-based, local, or state assessments,
classroom-based observations, and observations by teachers and related services
providers; and
Ø
whether the
child has a particular category of disability and the educational needs of the
child or, in case of a reevaluation of a child, whether the child continues to
have such a disability and the educational needs of the child;
Ø
the present
levels of academic achievement and related developmental needs of the child;
Ø
whether the child
needs special education and related services, or in the case of a reevaluation
of a child, whether the child continues to need special education and related
services; and
Ø
whether any
additions or modifications to the special education and related services are
needed to enable the child to meet the measurable, annual goals specified in
the child's IEP and to participate, as appropriate, in the general education
curriculum.
34
CFR § 300.305;
The
local educational agency does not require parental consent before reviewing
existing data as part of an evaluation or reevaluation or administering a test
or other evaluation that is administered to all children unless, before
administration of that test or evaluation, the local educational agency
requires consent for all children.
34
CFR § 300.300(d)(1)
Screening
of a student by a teacher or specialist to determine appropriate instructional
strategies for curriculum implementation is not considered to be an evaluation
for eligibility for special education and related services.
34
CFR § 300.302
The
local educational agency provides the parents of the child with proper written
notice, of any evaluation procedures the
agency proposes to conduct, and the names of the individuals who will conduct
the evaluation, if known.
34
CFR § 300.304(a);
Initial
Evaluations
The local educational agency obtains
informed consent from the child's parent before administering assessments or
other evaluation materials to the
child. Parental consent for the
evaluation does not constitute consent for placement for receipt of special
education and related services.
34 CFR § 300.300(a);
If the child is a ward of the state and
is not residing with the child’s parent, the local educational agency is not
required to obtain informed consent from the parent for an initial evaluation
if: the local educational agency cannot, after reasonable efforts, locate the
parent of the child; the rights of the parents of the child have been
terminated in accordance with state law; or, the rights of the parent to make
educational decisions have been subrogated by a judge in accordance with state
law and consent for an initial evaluation has been given by an individual
appointed by the judge to represent the child.
34 CFR § 300.300(a)(2)
If the parent of a child enrolled in
public school or seeking to be enrolled in public school does not provide
consent for an initial evaluation or fails to respond to a request to provide
consent, the local educational agency may, but is not required to, pursue the
initial evaluation by utilizing mediation or due process.
34 CFR § 300.300(a)(3)
If a parent of a child who is home
schooled or parentally placed in a private school does not provide consent, or
the parent fails to respond to a request to provide consent, the local
educational agency cannot use mediation or due process and is not required to
consider the child as eligible for services.
34 CFR §
300.300(d)(4)
The
local educational agency does not use a parent’s refusal to consent to
activities relating to conducting an initial evaluation to deny the parent or
child any other service, benefit, or activity of the local educational agency.
34
CFR § 300.300(d)(3)
IEP Team
Determination of Eligibility or Continuing Eligibility (Initial and
Reevaluation). Following a review of existing data and administration of
assessments and other evaluation materials (if any), the IEP team determines whether the child is or
continues to be a child with a disability.
For a child who does not otherwise meet the eligibility criteria under
state law, the IEP team does not determine that the child is a child with a
disability solely because the child has received inappropriate instruction in
reading or math or because the child has limited proficiency in English. In interpreting evaluation data for the
purpose of determining if a child is a child with a disability, and the
educational needs of the child, the local educational agency draws upon information
from a variety of sources, including aptitude and achievement tests, parent
input, teacher recommendations, physical condition, social or cultural
background, and adaptive behavior. The
local educational agency ensures that information obtained from all of these
sources is documented and carefully considered.
34
CFR § 300.306
Reevaluation. In conducting reevaluations, the IEP team:
·
evaluates a
child with a disability in accordance with the law before determining that the child
is no longer a child with a disability, and
·
reevaluates a
child with a disability in accordance with the law if the local educational
agency determines that the educational or related services
needs of the child, including the child’s academic and functional performance, warrant a reevaluation or if the child’s
parent or teacher requests a reevaluation. The IEP team shall reevaluate a child no more
than once a year unless the child’s parents and the local educational agency
agree otherwise, and at least once every 3 years unless the child’s parent and
local educational agency agree that a reevaluation is unnecessary.
34 CFR §§ 300.303,
300.305(e)(1);
An
evaluation is not required before the termination of a child’s eligibility for
special education and related services because he or she graduated from
secondary school with a regular diploma or because he or she reached the age of
21. Under these circumstances, the local
educational agency provides the child with a summary of the child’s academic
achievement and functional performance, including recommendations on how to
assist the child in meeting his or her postsecondary goals.
34
CFR § 300.305(e)(2) and
(3);
In
conducting a reevaluation, the local educational agency obtains informed
consent from the child’s parent before administering new assessments and other
evaluation materials. The local educational agency proceeds without
consent only if the local educational agency has taken reasonable measures to
obtain the consent and the child’s parents have failed to respond. Reasonable measures are the measures required
for conducting an IEP meeting without a parent in attendance. If
the parent of a child enrolled in public school or seeking to be enrolled in
public school refuses to provide consent, the local educational agency is not
required to pursue the reevaluation, but may pursue the reevaluation by
utilizing mediation or due process.
If
a parent of a child who is home schooled or parentally placed in a private
school refuses or fails to respond to a request for consent for a reevaluation,
the local educational agency cannot use mediation or due process, and is not
required to consider the child as eligible for services.
34
CFR § 300.300(c) and (d);
If the IEP team and other qualified professionals, as
appropriate, finds no additional information is needed to determine whether a
child continues to be a child with a disability, and to determine the child’s
educational needs, the local educational agency notifies the child’s parents of
that finding and the reasons for it, and that the parent has a right to request
an assessment to determine whether the child continues to have a disability,
and to determine the child’s educational needs.
The local educational agency conducts such an assessment if the parent
requests it.
34 CFR § 300.305(d);
Evaluation Report When
the IEP team determines a child’s eligibility, the team prepares an evaluation
report that includes documentation of the determination of eligibility. The local educational agency gives a copy of the evaluation
report and the documentation of determination of eligibility at no cost to the
child’s parents.
34 CFR § 300.306(a);
Evaluation
Safeguards. When a local educational agency evaluates a child with a
disability, the IEP team:
·
does not use any single measure or assessment
as the sole criterion for determining whether a child is a child with a
disability and for determining an appropriate educational program for the child;
·
uses a variety
of assessment tools and strategies to gather relevant functional, developmental,
and academic information, including information provided by the child's parent,
that may assist in determining whether the child is a child with a disability
and the content of the child's IEP, including information related to enabling
the child to be involved in and progress in the general education curriculum
or, for preschool children, to participate in appropriate activities;
·
uses
technically sound instruments that may assess the relative contribution of
cognitive and behavioral factors, in addition to physical or developmental
factors; and
·
ensures all of
the following:
Ø
assessments
and other evaluation materials used to assess a child are selected and
administered so as not to be racially or culturally discriminatory and are
provided and administered in the child's native language or other mode of
communication and in the form most likely to yield accurate information on what
the child knows and can do, academically, developmentally, and functionally,
unless it is clearly not feasible to do so;
Ø
any
assessments given to the child have been validated for the specific purpose for
which they are used, are administered by trained and knowledgeable personnel
and are administered in accordance with any instructions provided by the
producer of such assessments or evaluation materials;
Ø
the child is
assessed in all areas of suspected disability; including, if appropriate,
health, vision, hearing, social and emotional status, general intelligence,
academic performance, communicative status, and motor abilities; and
Ø
assessment
tools and strategies that provide relevant information that directly assists
persons in determining the educational needs of the child are used.
34 CFR § 300.304;
Ø The evaluation report includes documentation
of determination of eligibility for special education. A copy of the evaluation report, including
the documentation of eligibility is given to the child’s parents.
In evaluating each child with a disability, the evaluation
is sufficiently comprehensive to identify all of the child's special education
and related services needs whether or not commonly linked to the disability
category in which the child has been classified.
34 CFR § 300.304
(c)(6)-(7)
The
local educational agency ensures assessments and other evaluation materials
include those tailored to assess specific areas of educational need and not
merely those designed to provide a single general intelligence quotient.
34
CFR § 300.304(c)(2)
The
local educational agency ensures assessments are selected and administered so
as best to ensure that if an assessment is administered to a child with
impaired sensory, manual, or speaking skills, the assessment results accurately
reflect the child’s aptitude or achievement level or whatever other factors the
test purports to measure, rather than reflecting the child’s impaired sensory,
manual or speaking skills (unless those skills are the skills the test purports
to measure).
34
CFR § 300.304(c)(3)
Additional Requirements for specific Learning Disabilities. For evaluation of a
child suspected of having a specific learning disability, the following
additional requirements are met:
·
The
determination of whether a child suspected of having a specific learning
disability is a child with a disability is made by the child’s IEP team, and
Ø
if the child
does not have a regular teacher, a regular classroom teacher qualified to teach
a child of his or her age; or
Ø
for a child of
less than school age, an individual qualified by the Department of Public
Instruction to teach a child of his or her age; and
Ø
at least one
person qualified to conduct individual diagnostic examinations of children,
such as a school psychologist, speech-language pathologist, or remedial reading
teacher.
34 CFR § 300.308
·
The child must be observed in the
child’s learning environment (including the regular classroom setting) to
document the child’s academic performance and behavior in the areas of
difficulty.
·
In determining whether a child has a
specific learning disability, the IEP team must decide to:
Ø use information from an observation in routine
classroom instruction and monitoring of the child’s performance that was done
before the child was referred for an evaluation; or
Ø have
a least one member of the child’s IEP team conduct an observation of the
child’s academic performance in the regular classroom after the child has been
referred for an evaluation and parental consent is obtained; or
Ø in
the case of a child of less than school age or out of school, an IEP team
member must observe the child in an environment appropriate for a child of that
age.
34 CFR § 300.310
·
The IEP team
evaluation report includes a statement of:
Ø
whether the
child has a specific learning disability;
Ø
the basis for
making that determination, including an assurance that the eligibility
determination was based on a variety of sources, including aptitude and
achievement tests, parent input, and teacher recommendations, as well as
information about the child’s physical condition, social or cultural
background, and adaptive behavior; and that the information obtained from all
of these sources is documented and carefully considered;
Ø
the relevant
behavior, if any, noted during observation of the child and the relationship of
that behavior to the child’s academic functioning;
Ø whether
the child does not achieve adequately for the child’s age or to meet state
approved grade-level standards and;
Ø the
child does not make sufficient progress to meet age or State-approved
grade-level standards; or
Ø the
child exhibits a pattern of strengths and weaknesses in performance,
achievement, or both, relative to age state-approved grade level standards or
intellectual development;
Ø
the
determination of the team concerning the effects of a
visual, hearing, or motor disability; mental retardation; emotional
disturbance; cultural factors; environmental or economic disadvantage; or
limited English proficiency on the child’s achievement level; and
Ø
if the child has participated in a
process that assesses the child’s response to scientific, research-based
intervention-
§
the
instructional strategies used;
§
the
student-centered data collected;
§
documentation
that the child’s parents were notified about the state’s policies regarding the
amount and nature of student performance data that would be collected,
strategies for increasing the child’s rate of learning; and the parent’s right
to request an evaluation.
34 CFR § 300.311
An evaluation conducted by an IEP team under Wis. Stat. §
115.782, shall focus on the consideration of information and activities that
assist the IEP team in determining the educational needs of the child. Specifically,
the IEP team shall meet the evaluation criteria specified under Wis. Stat. § 115.782(2)(a), when conducting
tests and using other evaluation materials in determining a child’s
disability.
A
child shall be identified as having a disability if the IEP team has determined
from an evaluation conducted under Wis.
Stat. § 115.782, that the child has an impairment under Wis. Admin.
Code § PI 11.36 that
adversely affects the child’s educational performance, and the child, as a result
thereof, needs special education and related services. As part of an evaluation or reevaluation
under Wis. Stat. §
115.782, conducted by the IEP team in
determining whether a child is or continues to be a child with a disability,
the IEP team shall identify all of the following:
·
The child’s needs that cannot be met
through the regular education program as structured at the time the evaluation
was conducted.
·
Modifications, if any, that can be made
in the regular education program, such as adaptation of content, methodology or
delivery of instruction to meet the child’s needs identified by the IEP team
that will allow the child to access the general education curriculum and meet
the educational standards that apply to all children.
·
Additions or modifications, if any, the
child needs which are not provided through the general education curriculum,
including replacement content, expanded core curriculum and other supports.